GLOSSARY
Chapter 2: About CGMS
Ae EMU area [ha] Estimated planted area [ha] A2 NUTS-2 area [ha] b0 regression constant [ton.ha-1] b1 regression constant [ton.ha-1.year-1] b2 regression constant [-] ce percentage of the EMU area suitable for cultivation of crop x [-] c2 c2 is percentage of the NUTS-2 area suitable for cultivation of crop x [-] e EMU [-] k number of NUTS-2 subregions per NUTS-1 region [-] n number of EMUs in a NUTS-2 subregionof the EMU area suitable for wheat cultivation [-] Production volume [ton] ST Simulation result in year T [ton.ha-1] Estimated yield in year T [ton.ha-1] YT2 simulated average NUTS-2 yield in year T [ton.ha-1] YT,e,i simulated EMU yield in year T [ton.ha-1]
Chapter 4: WEATHER
a Albedo or reflection coefficient of regarded surface [-] b Solar elevation [degrees] g Psychrometric constant (at elevation z) [hPa °C-1] go Psychrometric constant at sea level [hPa °C-1] D Slope of the saturation vapour pressure curve [hPa °C-1] DT Temperature difference [°C] d Solar declination [degrees] e Ratio molecule weight water vapor / dry air [-] l Latitude [degrees] L Latent heat of vaporization [MJ kg-1] s Stefan Boltzmann constant [MJm-2 K-4d-1] òsinb Integral of solar height [s] òsinbm Modified integral of effective solar height [s] Aa,Ba Emperical constants of the Ångström equation [-] As Emperical constant of extented Hargreaves equation [°C-0.5] Bs Emperical constant of extented Hargreaves equation [-] Cs Emperical constant of extented Hargreaves equation [J m-2 d-1] Ah Emperical constant of Hargreaves equation [°C-0.5] Bh Emperical constant of Hargreaves equation [J m-2 d-1] BU Emperical coefficient in the wind function [s m-1] c Coefficient on regression of transmission on solar angle [-] Cp Specific heat of moist air [kJ kg-1 °C-1] CC Mean total cloud cover during daytime [octas] cosLD Amplitude of sine of solar height = cosdcosl [-] D Day length [h] Dp Diffuse irradiation perpendicular to the direction of light [J m-2 s-1] ea Saturated vapour pressure [hPa] EA Evaporative demand of the atmosphere [mm d-1] ed Actual vapour pressure [hPa] ET0 Evapo(transpi)ration [mm d-1] factor Empirical constant in the EA equation [-] f(u) Wind related function [ms-1] n Bright sunshine hours per day [hr] p correction constant [degrees] P Atmospheric pressure (at elevation z) [hPa] Po Atmospheric pressure at sea level [hPa] Rav Average radiation [J m-2 d-1] Rna Net absorbed radiation in equivalent evaporation [mm d-1] Rnl Net outgoing long wave-radiation [J m-2 d-1] Rs Incoming solar radiation [J m-2 d-1] Sc Average solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere [J m-2 s-1] Sc,d Solar constant at the top of the atmosphere for a certain day [J m-2s-1] Rdf,d Daily diffuse radiation [J m-2 d-1 Rg,d Daily global radiation J m-2 d-1] Ro,d Daily extra-terrestrial solar radiation [J m-2 s-1 sinLD Seasonal offset of sine of solar height = sindsinl [-] T Average daily temperature [°C] Tatm Atmospheric transmission [-] td Day number since the 1st of January [-] th Hour of the day [hr] Tmax Maximum temperature [°C] Tmin Minimum temperature [°C] u(2) Mean windspeed at 2 m height [m s-1] W Temperature related weighting factor [-] z Elevation [m] Chapter 5: CROP
b Angle of the sun above horizon [degrees] d Solar declination [degrees] e Initial light use efficiency [kg ha-1 leaf h-1]/[J m-2 leaf s-1] k Extinction coefficient for photosynthetic active radiation flux [-] kbl Extinction coefficient for the direct radiation flux [-] kdf Extinction coefficient for the diffuse radiation flux [-] kdr,bl Extinction coefficient for the direct component of direct light [-] kdr,t Extinction coefficient for the total direct radiation flux [-] l Latitude [degrees] r Reflection coefficient of a green leaf canopy [-] z Scattering coefficient fraction of single leaves for visible radiation [-] s Solar declination [degrees] STi Temperature sum required to complete stage i [°C d] òsinbm Modified integral of effective solar height [s] DQt Rate variable at time step t [unit d-1] Dt Time step [d] DW Dry matter growth rate total crop [kg ha-1 d-1] DWd Death rate of leaves [kg ha-1 d-1] DW1d Potential death rate of leaves due to water stress [kg ha-1d-1] DW2d Potential death rate of leaves due to high LAI [kg ha-1d-1] DWi Dry matter growth rate organ i [kg ha-1 d-1] DWni Net dry matter growth rate organ i [kg ha-1 d-1] DWnlv Net dry matter growth of leaves [kg ha-1 d-1] DWrt Dry matter growth rate roots [kg ha-1 d-1] DWsh Dry matter growth rate shoots [kg ha-1 d-1] †i Death rate organ i [kg kg-1 d-1] †max,lv Maximum relative death rate of leaves due to water stress [kg kg-1d-1] A Gross assimilation rate [kg ha-1 d-1 A1d Gross daily CO2 assimilation rate, corrected for low min. temperature [kg ha-1 d-1] Ad Total daily gross assimilation rate [kg ha-1 d-1] Ac Total inst. gross assimilation rate for the whole canopy [kg ha-1 h-1] Ac,l Total inst. gross canopy assimilation rate per unit leaf area [kg ha-1 h-1] AT,L Total inst. gross assimilation rate at a relative depth L [kg ha-1 h-1] AL Instantaneous gross assimilation rate at relative depth L [kg ha-1 h-1] Am Instantaneous gross assimilation rate at light saturation [kg ha-1 h-1] Ash Instantaneous gross assimilation rate, shaded leaves [kg ha-1 h-1] Asl Instantaneous gross assimilation rate, sunlit leaves [kg ha-1 h-1] Ce Conversion efficiency factor of assimilates, total crop [kg kg-1] Ce,i Conversion efficiency factor of the assimilates of a specified organ [kg kg-1] Cf Cluster factor [-] cm,i Maintenance coefficient of organ i [kg kg-1 d-1] D Day length [h] Dc Critical day length for development (lower threshold) [h] Do Optimum day length for development (upper threshold) [h] Dr,t Development rate coefficient at time step t [d-1] Ds,t Development stage at time step [-] DTs Temperature dependent correction factor [°C] fred Development rate reduction factor due to day length [-] fsl Fraction sunlit leaf area [-] frai Reduction factor for leaf age increase [-] GAIi Green area index of organ i [ha ha-1] L Relative depth of horizon in the canopy [-] Lc Critical day length for development (lower threshold) [h] Ld Actual day length [h] Lo Optimum day length for development (upper threshold) [h] LAI Leaf area index [ha ha-1] LAIt Leaf area index at time step t [ha ha-1] LAIc Critical leaf area index [ha ha-1] LAIL Cumulative leaf area index at relative depth L in the canopy (from top downwards) [ha ha-1] LExp,t Growth rate of the leaf area index at time step t during exponential growth stage [ha ha-1 d-1] LSc,t Growth rate of the leaf area index at time step t during the source limited growth stage [ha ha-1 d-1] p Gaussian integration points [-] Page,t Physiologic age at time step t [d] PAR Photosynthetically active radiation [J m-2 d-1] PARo Photosynthetically active radiation flux at top of the canopy [J m-2 s-1] PARo,L Net photosynthetic active radiation at relative depth L in the canopy [J m-2 s-1] PARo,dr Direct part of the photosynthetically active radiation flux at top of the canopy [J m-2 s-1] PARo,df Diffuse part of the photosynthetically active radiation flux at top of the canopy [J m-2 s-1] PARa Absorbed amount of the total radiation flux [J m-2 s-1] PARa,L Absorbed amount of the total radiation flux at relative depth L [J m-2 s-1] PARa,df Absorbed amount of the diffuse radiation flux [J m-2 s-1] PARa,dr,dr Absorbed amount of the direct component of direct radiation flux [J m-2 s-1] PARa,dr,sl Absorbed amount of the direct radiation flux by leaves perpendicular to the direct beam [J m-2 s-1] PARa,dr,t Absorbed amount of the total direct radiation flux [J m-2 s-1] PARa,sh Absorbed amount of the total radiation flux by shaded leaves [J m-2 s-1] PARa,sl Absorbed amount of the total radiation flux by sunlit leaves [J m-2 s-1] PARdf,L Net diffuse component of total PAR at relative depth L in the canopy [J m-2 s-1] PARdr,L Net direct component of direct PAR at relative depth L in the canopy [J m-2 s-1] PARdr,t,L Net total PAR at relative depth L in the canopy [J m-2 s-1] PARL Net photosynthetic active radiation flux at depth L in the canopy [J m-2 s-1] pci Partitioning factor of specified organ [kg kg-1] R1d Gross daily CH2O assimilation rate, not corrected for water stress [kg ha-1 d-1] Rd Gross daily CH2O assimilation rate [kg ha-1 d-1] Rg Growth respiration rate [kg ha-1 d-1] Rm Maintenance respiration rate [kg ha-1 d-1] Rm,r Maintenance respiration rate at a reference temp. of 25 °C [kg ha-1 d-1] Rm,T Maintenance respiration rate at temperature T [kg ha-1 d-1] RDcrop Crop-dependent maximum rooting depth [cm] RDi Initial rooting depth [cm] RDmax Maximum rooting depth [cm] RDsoil Soil-dependent maximum rooting depth [cm] RDt Rooting depth at time step t [cm] RL Maximum relative increase of leaf area index [°C-1 d-1] RRmax Maximum daily increase in rooting depth [cm] Qt State variable at time step t [unit] Q10 Relative increase of the respiration rate per 10 °C [-] Sexp,t Specific leaf area at time step t during the exponential growth stage [ha kg-1] Sla Specific leaf area [ha kg-1] SSi Specific green area of organ i [ha kg-1] T Daily (average) temperature [°C] Ta Actual transpiration [cm d-1] Tatm Atmospheric transmission [-] Tb Base temperature below which phenological development stops [°C] Tb,age Lower treshold temperature for physiologic ageing [°C] Te Effective daily temperature [°C] Tday Average daytime temperature [°C] th Hour of the day (solartime) [h] Tlow Seven day running average of minimum temperture [°C] Tmax Maximum daily temperature [°C] Tmax,e Maximum temperature, beyond which the phenological development rate does not increase [°C] Tmin Minimum daily temperature [°C] Tp Potential transpiration [cm d-1] Tr Refererence temperature for definition of maintenance coefficients [°C] W Total dry matter weight [kg ha-1] Wd Weight of leaves that have died during current time step [kg ha-1] Wi Dry matter weight organ i [kg ha-1] Wi,t Dry matter weight organ i at time step t [kg ha-1] lv
leaves rt roots st stems so storage organs Chapter 6: SOIL WATER BALANCE
ap First regression constant for derivation of the soil water depletion factor [-] pp Second regression constant for derivation of the soil water depletion factor [-] Dq Rate of change in moisture content of root zone [cm3 cm-3 d-1] qair Critical soil moisture content for aeration [cm3 cm-3] qair,p Air content at selected matric head p=-1,0,1 [cm3 cm-3] qair,yi Air content at selected matric head [cm3 cm-3] qair,t Air content above ground water table [cm3 cm-3] qc Critical air content [cm3 cm-3] qfc Soil moisture content at field capacity (pF = 2.0) [cm3 cm-3] qmax Soil porosity (maximum soil moisture content) [cm3 cm-3] qt Actual soil moisture content [cm3 cm-3] qwp Soil moisture content at wilting point [cm3 cm-3] qws Critical soil moisture content [cm3 cm-3] qyi Actual soil moisture content as a function of matric head [cm3 cm-3] kdf Extinction coefficient for diffuse radiation [-] kgb Extinction coefficient for global radiation [-] Dt Time step [d] Dy Height of interval matric head [cm] yo Lower boundary interval matric head [cm] y1 Upper boundary interval matric head [cm] yi Matric head [cm] y(A) Matric head as a function of the amount of air [cm] DWrz Rate of change of the amount of soil moisture in the root zone [cm d-1] DWlz Rate of change of the amount of soil moisture in the lower zone [cm d-1] DW Rate of change in the amount of moisture in the root zone [cm d-1] DZ Change in groundwater level per time step [cm d-1] Anew New air amount between root zone and ground water level [cm] Aair(h) Amount of air in the soil as a function of height above the groundwater [cm] Afc Amount of air at field capacity [cm] CRmax Maximum flow rate calculated at equilibrium [cm d-1] CR Rate of capillary rise [cm d-1] CI Reduction factor for rain not infiltrating during time step [-] D Height difference between root zone and the groundwater table [cm] DD Drain depth [cm] DR Drainage rate [cm d-1] DRmax Maximum drainage rate (is equal to the drainage capacity) [cm d-1] Dslr Days since last rain [d] DS Rate of change of surface storage [cm d-1] Ea Effective evaporation rate [cm d-1] Es Evaporation rate from a shaded soil surface [cm d-1] Es,max Maximum evaporation rate from a shaded soil surface [cm d-1] Ew Evaporation rate from a shaded water surface [cm d-1] Ew,max Maximum evaporation from a shaded water surface [cm d-1] E0 Potential soil evaporation [cm d-1] E0s Potential evaporation rate for a soil surface [cm d-1] E0w Potential evaporation rate for a water surface [cm d-1] ET0 Potential evapotranspiration rate [cm d-1] FI Fraction of rain not infiltrating during time step t [-] FL Flow rate (=capillary rise, ¯=percolation) [cm d-1] Ie Effective daily irrigation [cm d-1] IN Infiltration rate [cm d-1] INmax Maximum infiltration rate [cm d-1] INp Preliminary infiltration rate [cm d-1 K Hydraulic conductivity [cm d-1] K0 Hydraulic conductivity at saturation [cm d-1] K(pF) 10log of hydraulic conductivity as a function of pF [-] LAI Leaf area index [ha ha-1] Loss Percolation rate from the lower zone to the subsoil [cm d-1] Nocg Number of crop group to be specified [-] Nod Number of succesive days with stress due to oxygen shortage [-] p Soil water depletion fraction or fraction of easily available soil water [cm3 cm-3] p Three points for Gaussian integration [-] P Precipitation intensity [cm d-1] pF pF value [-] Perc Percolation rate from root zone to lower zone [cm d-1] Ros Reduction factor for transpiration due to oxygen shortage (water excess) [-] Ros,max Maximum reduction factor for transpiration due to oxygen shortage [-] Ros Reduction factor for transpiration due to oxygen shortage [-] Rws Reduction factor for transpiration due to water shortage [-] RD Actual rooting depth [cm] RDmax Maximum rooting depth [cm] SRt Surface runoff at time step t [cm] SSt Surface storage at time step t [cm] SSmax Maximum surface storage [cm] Tm Maximum crop transpiration rate [cm d-1] Ta Actual transpiration rate [cm d-1] UP Uptake capacity of lower zone [cm d-1] Wav Initial amount of soil moisture in excess of qwp [cm] Wdd Amount of water above drains [cm] Wlz Amount of soil moisture in the lower zone [cm] Wlz,fc Equilibrium amount of soil moisture in the lower zone [cm] Wrz Amount of soil moisturein the rooted zone [cm] Wss,fc Equilibrium soil moisture amount below rooted zone [cm] Wrz,fc Equilibrium soil moisture amount in rooted zone [cm] Wdd,fc Equilibrium soil moisture amount above the drains up to the surface [cm] Zt Depth of groundwater level at time step t [cm] Zrd Distance between root zone and groundwater table [cm]
APPENDIX IV Establishing the sowing date
CRmax Maximum capillary rise [cm d-1] EOs Potential evaporation rate from a bare soil surface [cm] Es Evaporation rate from a bare soil [cm d-1] Inp Amount of water infiltrating in the plow [cm] P Precipitation intensity [cm d-1] Sp1 First top soil seepage parameter [-] Sp2 Second top soil seepage parameter [-] Wexc,t Excess amount of water in the plow layer at time step t [cm]